O’Phelan Stephanie

                                                                                                                        Period 4

 

Vocabulaire:

 

1. les chars- ans l’Antiquité, voiture hippomobile à deux roues, utilisée pour les combats militaires et les jeux

 

1. le couvre- en temps de guerre, interdiction de sortir des maisons durant une période de la journée, ou de la nuit

 

1. le cessez-le-feu- cessation des hostilités dans un conflit armé

 

1. une treve- cessation temporaire des combats, des hostilités ,  arrêt de ce qui est pénible 

 

1. les maquis- lieu d’accès difficile où se réunissaient les résistants pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale

 

1. la resistance- action de résister,opposition armée à des envahisseurs, à des occupants, force qui s’oppose à un movement

 

1. les resistants- qui supporte bien les épreuves (physiques ou morales) , qui résiste à l’action d’un agent extérieur 

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Sumer: The First Major Mesopotamian Civilization

Sumerians thrived in the southern part of Mesopotamia; they also developed a form of writing known as cuneiform. Sumerians were polytheistic, they built temples called ziggurats. Around 1700 B.C.E the civilization had been completely overthrown; however its conquerors adopted many Sumerian traditions and technologies.

 

 From Sumer to Babylon to Nineveh to Babylon

When Sumerian city-states declined, the city of Akkad rose. By 1700 B.C.E Akkad was overrun by a new powerhouse in Mesopotamia, called Babylon. King Hammurabi of Babylon expanded of this idea of a code of laws by developing an extensive code that dealt with part of daily life. ß Code of Hammurabi

Babylon was then invaded by the Hittites. By 1500 B.C.E the Hittites dominated the region, especially because they learned how to use iron in their weapons. In this way, within a hundred years, the Assyrians had learned to use iron, the very technology the Hittites used to defeat them. This enabled them to establish a capital at Nineveh and eventually build an empire that swept across the entire Fertile Crescent. Assyrians were then defeated by Medes and the Chaldeans. The Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon. However Babylon was doomed to fail. A new civilization The Persian Empire developed into a major world force.

Persians=huge empire 500 B.C.E (Nile River to Afghanistan) they build large roads, the longest which was the Great Royal Road, which stretched some 1,600 miles from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea.

 

Lydians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews

-The Lydians came up with the concept of using coined money to conduct trade rather than the barter system.

-The Phoenicians established powerful naval city-states, and developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters that led to the system of letters we currently use.

-The Hebrews were the first to be monotheistic, they believed in Judaism. By 1000 B.C.E the Hebrews had established Israel in Palestine on the Mediterranean Sea. They believe they were god’s chosen people. Under Persian rule the Hebrew were freed from captivity and continued to develop culturally.

 

2. Ancient Egypt: Stay Awhile Along the Nile

The Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile.

 

Three Kingdoms in One Civilization

There is the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms.  It was during the New Kingdom that the ancient Egyptian civilization reached its height.

 

Egyptian Achievements

Before the old Kingdom, the entire river valley was united under King Menes.

Rulers known as pharaohs directed the construction of obelisks and the pyramids. They used a system of writing known as Hieroglyphics which used a series of pictures. They also had a fairly reliable calendar.  

Egyptians were dependant on trade because they needed so much supply for their huge projects. This affected them culturally because they had contact with other people.

 

You Can Take It with You

Egyptians were polytheistic. They believed

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History Review Through 600 C.E

A. Nomads: Follow the food

-Their sole focus in life was to satisfy their most basic needs: shelter and food.

-During this time period, major developments include the development of spoken language, the ability to control and use fire and the ability to make simple tools out of stone.

-Foraging societies (hunter gatherers) were threatened by climate. Members of these societies did not build permanent shelters and had only a few personal belongings.

-Pastoral societies were characterized by the domestication of animals. Stratification and social status, which were limited in foraging societies, were based on the size of ones herd in pastoral societies. They did not settle because they had to search for new grazing areas for their herds. They secured a more dependable food supply through the cultivation of plants.

 

B. Settling Down: The Neolithic Revolution

Agricultural Societies: This is My Land

(From 8000 B.C.E to 3000 B.C.E) The transition period often called the Neolithic (New Stone) Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution. Staying in the same place changed things dramatically, because people in a community stayed within close proximity of each other, which added to their sense of unity and helped them build and sustain cultural traditions. They began to think of land/property in terms of ownership.

Important Consequence of Agriculture: A Food Surplus

Some people farm enough for everyone to feed à individual labor becomes specialized. People can work in other areas other than farming. As agricultural societies became more complex, organized economies, governmental structures, and religious organizations began to emerge to keep things as predictable and orderly as possible. Suddenly there was a society and a civilization.

Impact of Agriculture on the Environment

All of this activity led to a world in which land and resources were continually being reconfigured to fit the needs of growing, geographically stable populations. With the development of large scale agriculture, animals began to be used not only as a source of food and clothing but also as a direct source of agricultural labor.

Technology: Metal Workers Deserve Metals

During this period, hard stones such as granite were sharpened and formed into farming tools like hoes and plows. One of the most significant advances of the Neolithic Era was the knowledge of how to use metals. When people figured out how to combine copper with tin to create an even harder metal, bronze the building of civilizations was well on its way. The later part of the Neolithic Era was known as The Bronze Age.

 

C. The Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliver

Most of the world’s early great civilizations were located in river valleys. The river itself was home to animals and plants could provide food for people. Rivers were also a vital means of transportation. Many of the earliest civilizations were composed of loosely ties city-states which were made of an urban center and the agricultural land around it under its control. Major early civilizations developed and became dominant starting at around (3000 to 2000 B.C.E). They were located in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China.

1. Mesopotamia: Lots of Water, Lots of History

Mesopotamia is located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Ancient civilizations that thrived there were: Sumer àBabylon-àPersia.

By 3000 B.C.E, Ur, Erech, and Kish were the first major city-states of the first major civilization of Sumer.

Sumer: The First Major Mesopotamian Civilization

Sumerians thrived in the southern part of Mesopotamia, they also developed

                                                                                                O’Phelan Stephanie

                                                                                                            Chpt. 8

 

1. List the components that make up air and diagram the atmosphere layers, labeling each one and its approximate location. Explain why most of the atmosphere is in the two lower levels.

The four major components of the air are Nitrogen (78.08%), Oxygen (20.95%), Argon (0.93%) and Carbon dioxide (0.03%), all other gases make up (0.01%) of the atmosphere.

                                             Atmosphere:

Thermosphere ( beyond 11,000 meters – into space)

Mesosphere     (90,000 meters)

Stratosphere    (50,000 meters)

Troposphere    (15,000 meters)

Most of the atmosphere is in the two lower levels because air compresses under its own weight so all of the mass of the atmosphere stays closer to the Earth.

 

2. Describe what causes rain and snow. How does the relationship between water vapor, air temperature and air density relate?

Rain and Snow can occur warm air reaches a cool part of land or when a cool air mass meets a warm air mass. As the temperature rises air pressure increases and density decreases. The differences in the densities of air cause precipitations where warm moist air is less dense than cool air.

 

3. About what percentage of sunlight reaches Earth’s surface? Explain why the Earth doesn’t grow hotter despite all the sunlight that falls on it. What would happen if this process became imbalanced? What might cause an imbalance?

55% of the suns light reaches the earth’s surface. The Earth does not grow hotter because 20% of the incoming energy is absorbed by clouds and the atmosphere, 25% is reflected by clouds and atmosphere, 50% absorbed by ocean and land and 5% reflected by ocean and land. If this process became imbalanced Earth could not be habitatble in many parts, an imbalance can be caused by the depletion of the ozone layer.

 

4. Identify the factors that make the earth heat unevenly and why they do so. What is it summer in the northern hemisphere even though the earth is farther from the sun than it is in winter?

The earth heats unevenly because it is spherical therefore receives light at different angles, the earth is tilt because the suns rays are not constantly hitting the equator perpendicularly, they tend to go between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn, and the earth is farther away from the sun at different times of the year. It is summer in the northern hemisphere because although the earth is tilted away from the sun, the temperature is minimally different.

 

5. Describe the process of convection and how it relates to airflow on earth. How does the relationship between water vapor, air temperature and density relate to convection?

Convection is when the hot air rises making it less dense and then cool air sinks to where the warm air was. On Earth we can see hot air in the equator rise and go towards either pole and cool air from the pole head towards the equator. The relationship of water vapor, air pressure and density relate because as the air changes temperature it changes the amount of water vapor it holds as well as decreasing density with temperature increase.

 

 

6. Explain what causes the Coriolis effect and what influence it has on the wind.

The Coriolis effect has a major role in water currents and the distribution of heat. Without it, wind would only blow to and from the south. The Coriolis effect explains that there is a pattern where objects deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hempishere, this is mostly caused by the Earth’s rotation.

 

7. Explain where the trade winds and the westerlies are found and explain what causes them. Include the role of atmospheric circulation cells and describe the airflow patterns that characterize the six global cells.

The Trade winds are found closest to the equator from 0-30 degrees, it is causes because by the time the hot air that rose reaches 30 degrees it is cool enough to sink again and head towards the equator once more. The westerlies are found between 30 and 60 degrees and occur because some of Hadley’s cells continue on to the poles and blow from the west to the east. These are atmospheric circulation cells and are crucial towards distribution of heat and for sailors or water currents.

 

8. What is the meteorological/ ITCZ equator and why does it move?

The ITCZ equator is an imaginary line marking the balance of temperatures on both hemispheres. It moves based on seasons and landmasses because they have a lower heat capacity than water and there is more land in the Northern Hemisphere than there is in the Southern Hemisphere.

 

9. Explain why the Earth’s major deserts exist at approximately 30 degrees latitude. How does this affect the salinity of nearby oceans?

Most deserts exist at approximately 30 degrees latitude because there is a downward flow of air, leading to more evaportation and very little rainfall. Not coincidentally, these are the characteristics of a desert. The salinity of near by oceans is much higher because more water is evaporating from the ocean and not a lot of it is being returned.

 

10. How do monsoons, extratropical cyclones and tropical cyclones differ? How are the similar?

Tropical cyclones occur only in a specific atmospheric “cell” while extratropical cyclones have also been found to form at higher latitudes. They are all cause much rain around the summer time. Both extratropical and tropical cyclones form by spiraling inwards as they are pulling from moist winds into a low pressure area. A tropical cyclone reaches typhoon or hurricane strength while an extratropical cyclone does not.

 

11. Explain how cyclones form and where they get their energy. Include their role in redistributing the Earth’s heat. Draw diagrams to show how their rotation develops.

Extratropical and tropical cyclones form by spiraling inwards as they are pulling from moist winds into a low pressure area. As more rain storms form they release heat causing the air to become less dense therefore also reducing air pressure. As air pressure falls once more, the cyclone gains “strength” as it is able to pull more air into its center and continues to spiral and intensify.

1. List the components that make up air and diagram the atmosphere layers, labeling each one and its approximate location. Explain why most of the atmosphere is in the two lower levels.

The four major components of the air are Nitrogen (78.08%), Oxygen (20.95%), Argon (0.93%) and Carbon dioxide (0.03%), all other gases make up (0.01%) of the atmosphere.

                                             Atmosphere:

Thermosphere ( beyond 11,000 meters – into space)

Mesosphere     (90,000 meters)

Stratosphere    (50,000 meters)

Troposphere    (15,000 meters)

Most of the atmosphere is in the two lower levels because air compresses under its own weight so all of the mass of the atmosphere stays closer to the Earth.

 

2. Describe what causes rain and snow. How does the relationship between water vapor, air temperature and air density relate?

Rain and Snow can occur warm air reaches a cool part of land or when a cool air mass meets a warm air mass. As the temperature rises air pressure increases and density decreases. The differences in the densities of air cause precipitations where warm moist air is less dense than cool air.

 

3. About what percentage of sunlight reaches Earth’s surface? Explain why the Earth doesn’t grow hotter despite all the sunlight that falls on it. What would happen if this process became imbalanced? What might cause an imbalance?

55% of the suns light reaches the earth’s surface. The Earth does not grow hotter because 20% of the incoming energy is absorbed by clouds and the atmosphere, 25% is reflected by clouds and atmosphere, 50% absorbed by ocean and land and 5% reflected by ocean and land. If this process became imbalanced Earth could not be habitatble in many parts, an imbalance can be caused by the depletion of the ozone layer.

 

4. Identify the factors that make the earth heat unevenly and why they do so. What is it summer in the northern hemisphere even though the earth is farther from the sun than it is in winter?

The earth heats unevenly because it is spherical therefore receives light at different angles, the earth is tilt because the suns rays are not constantly hitting the equator perpendicularly, they tend to go between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn, and the earth is farther away from the sun at different times of the year. It is summer in the northern hemisphere because although the earth is tilted away from the sun, the temperature is minimally different.

 

5. Describe the process of convection and how it relates to airflow on earth. How does the relationship between water vapor, air temperature and density relate to convection?

Convection is when the hot air rises making it less dense and then cool air sinks to where the warm air was. On Earth we can see hot air in the equator rise and go towards either pole and cool air from the pole head towards the equator. The relationship of water vapor, air pressure and density relate because as the air changes temperature it changes the amount of water vapor it holds as well as decreasing density with temperature increase.

 

 

6. Explain what causes the Coriolis effect and what influence it has on the wind.

The Coriolis effect has a major role in water currents and the distribution of heat. Without it, wind would only blow to and from the south. The Coriolis effect explains that there is a pattern where objects deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hempishere, this is mostly caused by the Earth’s rotation.

 

7. Explain where the trade winds and the westerlies are found and explain what causes them. Include the role of atmospheric circulation cells and describe the airflow patterns that characterize the six global cells.

 

 

8. What is the meteorological/ ITCZ equator and why does it move?

 

9. Explain why the Earth’s major deserts exist at approximately 30 degrees latitude. How does this affect the salinity of nearby oceans?

 

10. How do monsoons, extratropical cyclones and tropical cyclones differ? How are the similar?

 

11. Explain how cyclones form and where they get their energy. Include their role in redistributing the Earth’s heat. Draw diagrams to show how their rotation develops.

O’Phelan Stephanie

                                                                                                                        6639605

                                                                                                                        Period 5

                                                                                                                  Book Reaction

 

 

The major theme that continues from the previous section is the Roman empires duration and collapse. Like many other great empires before it and like the many that will come after it, its extensive territories prove to work against the progression of the Romans. The empire struggles, Diocletian attempts to restore order by having different generals manage certain territories. They are not the first peoples to do this and certainly not the last. Throughout time in history we tend to see a trend occur. This usually involves a strong people who conquer vast territory, settle down, civilize and change socially in a relatively short amount of time and then once again be conquered by another army. This pattern is seen in the Persians, the Romans, the Mongols and would later reoccur in the South American Inca Empire.

 

The Mongol people also changed their way from nomadic savages who were killing machines and knew nothing of hygiene. As they settled down into more distant lands they adapted to the customs of the people that they conquered. This was something that I found particularly interesting because I thought it would be the other way around. Since they showed so little mercy to the people I expected them to want to convert the conquered people to their ways just as other cultures have done to foreigners. Instead they ended up adapting to their people and losing their own customs. It was a trade off between technological and social advances and giving in to the violent fearless ways which had gotten them this far.

 

Another theme that was especially important was the start of over seas navigation. It was only approximately 500 years ago that we began to truly have contact with one another which I find is a revolution in itself. Up to this point the only contact we had was most likely from battle or brief periods of trade. For this huge advancement we have contributors like Mr. Marco Polo to thank. These sails did not happen overnight. Slowly sailors started traveling up and down coastlines. As they became more intrigued by what they heard they became more ambitious and set out in search of gold and glory. This also brought about the introduction of trades between the new world and old. As everything in life, this had both good and bad consequences. However, when we look at the overall picture we see that without this interest in exploration we could not be where we are today.

 

Over time we see one group of ideas surpass another which is a critical factor in the development of society. One group of people surpasses the other in military ability leading to the conquering of an empire. Another example is people with a certain religion forcing their beliefs onto the people of the empire such as the Romans did. When we see the minority is overcome we as a society lose the acceptance towards that idea and in a sense move “forward” onto another. Whether we move in the right or wrong direction in terms of culture and political hunger for power is debatable. We see that in this chapter when we see the Europeans move forward in their way of thinking and exploring and also in their attitudes towards the people that they encounter in the Americas. Here, the Europeans not only impose themselves onto the people and the land but also change the Indians ways. Another impact of this social change comes years later with the slave trade, where this new idea may seem acceptable to these societies because of the way that they have been conditioned and it could be considered forward for that time but as we progress we take on the complete opposite opinion of slavery. Just as societies used to consider religion a part of government in contrast to now where we feel that they are two separate entities or where science seemed almost a joke next to religion but can now be considered an actuality.

O’Phelan Stephanie

                                                                                                                        6639605

                                                                                                                        Period 5

                                                                                                                  Book Reaction

 

 

The major theme that continues from the previous section is the Roman empires duration and collapse. Like many other great empires before it and like the many that will come after it, its extensive territories prove to work against the progression of the Romans. The empire struggles, Diocletian attempts to restore order by having different generals manage certain territories. They are not the first peoples to do this and certainly not the last. Throughout time in history we tend to see a trend occur. This usually involves a strong people who conquer vast territory, settle down, civilize and change socially in a relatively short amount of time and then once again be conquered by another army. This pattern is seen in the Persians, the Romans, the Mongols and would later reoccur in the South American Inca Empire.

 

The Mongol people also changed their way from nomadic savages who were killing machines and knew nothing of hygiene. As they settled down into more distant lands they adapted to the customs of the people that they conquered. This was something that I found particularly interesting because I thought it would be the other way around. Since they showed so little mercy to the people I expected them to want to convert the conquered people to their ways just as other cultures have done to foreigners. Instead they ended up adapting to their people and losing their own customs. It was a trade off between technological and social advances and giving in to the violent fearless ways which had gotten them this far.

 

Another theme that was especially important was the start of over seas navigation. It was only approximately 500 years ago that we began to truly have contact with one another which I find is a revolution in itself. Up to this point the only contact we had was most likely from battle or brief periods of trade. For this huge advancement we have contributors like Mr. Marco Polo to thank. These sails did not happen overnight. Slowly sailors started traveling up and down coastlines. As they became more intrigued by what they heard they became more ambitious and set out in search of gold and glory. This also brought about the introduction of trades between the new world and old. As everything in life, this had both good and bad consequences. However, when we look at the overall picture we see that without this interest in exploration we could not be where we are today.

 

Over time we see one group of ideas surpass another which is a critical factor in the development of society. One group of people surpasses the other in military ability leading to the conquering of an empire. Another example is people with a certain religion forcing their beliefs onto the people of the empire such as the Romans did. When we see the minority is overcome we as a society lose the acceptance towards that idea and in a sense move “forward” onto another. Whether we move in the right or wrong direction in terms of culture and political hunger for power is debatable. We see that in this chapter when we see the Europeans move forward in their way of thinking and exploring and also in their attitudes towards the people that they encounter in the Americas. Here, the Europeans not only impose themselves onto the people and the land but also change the Indians ways. Another impact of this social change comes years later with the slave trade, where this new idea may seem acceptable to these societies because of the way that they have been conditioned and it could be considered forward for that time but as we progress we take on the complete opposite opinion of slavery. Just as societies used to consider religion a part of government in contrast to now where we feel that they are two separate entities or where science seemed almost a joke next to religion but can now be considered an actuality.

                                                                                                O’Phelan Stephanie

                                                                                                November 8^th 2008

                                                                                                            Period 2

 

Fate is the chain of events that are destined to occur in the future. The character, Dido, from Virgil’s, Aeneid, is driven to her fate by the will of the gods. The actions in these chain of events cause her to become obsessive, melodramatic and helpless.                

            As the poem unfolds, Dido’s attachment to Aeneas becomes obvious as “she is eaten by this secret flame”. The more she learns about Aeneas; the more she becomes obsessed with just the thought of him. They are unwed, but Dido ends up having sex with Aeneas. This act itself causes her to consider herself married to him although it is not actually real, official or ceremonial; this shows the extent of her obsession as she makes herself believe something that is not true. From here on out, all Dido is worried about is her love. She seems to forget her responsibility to her city as all work stops. This short lived passion consumes her mind as she becomes willing to do anything for Aeneas.

 

            Part of Dido’s obsession stems from the fact that she is helpless, helpless against the will of the gods who have stuck her with Cupid’s arrow and arranged a meticulous plan to strand them together in the cave. The arrow leaves her infatuated, but does not change either her or Aeneas’ fate. Dido makes several attempts to stop Aeneas from leaving after he realizes that this is not his final place and he must go on.  When she sees that she herself can not stop him; she calls to her sister for help. But “fate is opposed; the god makes deaf  the hero’s kind ear’s” and no one is able to stop pious, and in this case indifferent Aeneas. Dido, who is hopelessly devoted to Aeneas, is devastated as she realizes that she is powerless against this force.

 

                 The pain of Aeneas’ departure is too much for Dido and she takes her own life using Aeneas’ sword. Here, and in many other parts of the poem; she demonstrates her melodramatic side. An example of her exaggerated nature is   when she practically claims marriage to Aeneas simply for having sex with him. Farther into the epic poem Dido acts betrayed as he wants to leave her accusing him with “Deceiver, did you even hope to hide so harsh a crime?” (Book IV line 410-411) when in reality there was no crime; rather her exaggerated emotions.

                 Essentially, Dido is a complex character that displays an array of characteristics.  While she is able to give love very efficiently it also takes on the opposite effect when fate takes its course. Her ability to provide love and care turns obsessive, helpless and dramatic.

 

Simple

Compound

Complex

Compound Complex

Careful

Careless

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

whole, full

spokesperson

to maintain

faith trust

the future